The devices that convert the light energy coming from the sun into electrical energy by a process called the photovoltaic effect are called the photocells or photovoltaic cell. These cells are arranged in arrays that function collectively converting light energy into the electrical energy. Collectively, these cells make up a solar panel.
Solar panels are now widely used for a variety of applications i.e., in remote power systems, satellite as they do not require extensive wiring, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and in residential and commercial areas.
Working of a solar panel[i]
Solar panels work by absorbing discrete packets of energy called the photons. The energy emitted by these photons after hitting the surface knock out the electrons. These free electrons are released into the electric field produced by the solar cells and thereby enter the directional current. This whole process is termed the photovoltaic effect.
The roof area of a regular home is enough to generate electricity to fulfill their needs and excess electricity generated will go to main power grid to be used at night.
Energy generated in this way is renewable and clean energy. It will be most beneficial for off-grid living i.e., those areas where there is no electricity connection. It is less expensive as compared to main electric utility grid and can work for almost thirty years with proper maintenance. They have less maintenance parts. It has just one time investment on the installation and will work effectively for the rest of the years depending on the quality and maintenance frequency.
Solar Panels Cost
The cost of solar panels has decreased significantly over the last few years owing to the federal solar Investment Tax Credit and other incentives.
A solar panel installation cost depends upon on a number of factors like the size of system to be install, location, installation process and equipment to be used. Basically, solar panels cost between $15,000 to $25,000. Solar panel is a worthwhile investment, and its profit will equal its cost in 7-8 years. Afterwards, electricity will be free.
| System Size | Estimated Costs | Number of Panels | Roof Space |
| 3kW panel system | £5,000 – £6,000 | 12 | 22 m² |
| 4kW panel system | £6,000 – £8,000 | 16 | 29 m² |
| 5kW panel system | £7,000 – £9,000 | 20 | 32 m² |
| 6kW panel system | £8,000 – £10,000 | 24 | 43 m² |
Solar Panel Installation [ii]
Solar systems are made up of solar panels, a mounting system, and a solar inverter.
- Solar panels produce electricity.
- the inverter converts the DC electricity into AC.
- The computerized controller manages and assure maximum performance of the solar system.
Solar Panel Installation Process
Roof is the most probable location for the installation of solar panels to ensure maximum light is absorbed by the solar cells. Solar panels can be installed on the ground if there are no objects obstructing the rays of lights reach the solar plates. Steps involved in the solar panel installation on a roof are:
- Set Up Scaffolding
Scaffold is a temporary structure to support a working platform. Setting a scaffolding is the first step involved in the process of mounting a solar panel to assure safety during the installation procedure.
- Install Solar Panel Mounts
Next step is to set up the solar panel mounting system to support the solar panels. The whole mounting structure must be tilted at an angle less than 40 degrees and it has to be made sure that there is direct entry of sunlight for maximum efficiency.
- Installing the Solar Panels
After setting the solar panel mounts, it is the time to install solar panel on the mounting system. It is necessary to tighten all the bolts and nuts for stability.
- Wiring of the Solar Panels
The next step is to install the electrical wiring. MC4 connectors are used which are suitable for all types of solar panels. The household’s electricity supply must be switched off during the whole process.
- Install Solar Inverter
Connect the solar inverter to the system in the next step near the main panel. Their efficiency increases if kept in a cooler place
- Connect Solar Inverter and Solar Battery
Afterwards, the solar inverter and solar battery are connected with each other. A battery will store excess electricity produced and it can be utilized on a cloudy day or at night.
7. Start Solar Panels
The last step in the installation process is to turn it on and investigate the newly installed solar panel system thoroughly. Once it has been established that everything’s working as it should, then the installation process is complete.
Solar panels – return on investment
Solar Panels Payback Period
The most probable benefit of choosing solar panels to produce electricity is making profit. It will result in the reduction of electricity bill as well as excess electricity can be sold to a power company or some other.
The return on investment for solar panels depends on a number of factors, including installation costs, interest rates in case of any loan, applicable taxes and energy bill savings. the larger the size of the solar panel, the greater will be the return on investment in case of residential buildings. Areas with high electricity cost will be saving more. Roof size and its directionality will determine the number of solar panels to be installed.
Usually, solar panels last for 20-25 years with proper maintenance, and the initial cost can be achieved within 12-18 years. For example, if your solar panel installation cost is $16,000 and you save $2,000 annually on electricity bills, then your payback period will be around eight years.
References
[i] https://www.mrsolar.com/what-is-a-solar-panel/
[ii] https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/09/solar-panel-installation-and-maintenance
